Equilibria

Find the equilibria by solving for all that satisfy

Linearization

Find the Linearization of the system.

where is the Jacobian matrix at a particular equilibrium point

where EP is each Equilibrium Point, where EP.x and EP.y are the x and y components

By definition at an equilibrium point, the function is equal to . See Equilibria.

Therefore the linearization becomes this:

The final expression for the linearization looks like this.

This is a Shifted Systems of Linear Differential Equations

Linearization in 1D with Complex Polynomials

The equilibrium points of this equation are The linearization at an equilibrium point is

In short, if you have a polynomial of order 1, the linearization is just f, but you drop the EP term. If the order is greater than 1, then the linearization is 0.

Perterbation

Given

Which is the exact form of the homogenous part of our Linearization, except we have

Neutral Eigenvalues () lead to structural instability, e.g. a perterbation leads to signficant change.

Approximating Dynamics

Given

We approximate the dynamics of the original system, by finding the dynamics of the Linearization

  • TLDR: We find the Eigenstuff of the Jacobian, and use that to construct our Phase Portrait
  • If the eigenvalues of the Jacobian lead to Unstable or Asymptotically Stable, then the approximation is sufficient to determine the dynamics of the original system
  • If Stable, we consider the approximation “degenerate”, and conclude that the approximation is insufficient.

Lotka-Volterra Competition Model

🐺🐺🐺🐺🐺🐺🐯🐯🐺 🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐯🐺🐺🐯

where 🐺, 🐯 are population sizes

where 🐺, 🐯 are intrinsic per capita growth rates

where 🐺, 🐯 are carrying capacities.

where 🐺🐯, 🐯🐺 are competition coefficients

  • where 🐺🐯 measures the negative effect tigers have on wolves
  • where 🐯🐺 measures the native effect wolves have on tigers

Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model

🐰🐰🐰🐺 🐺🐰🐺🐺

where🐰 is the prey population size

where 🐺 is the predator population size

where is the prey growth rate (birth rate)

where is the predation rate/interaction rate

where is the predator death rate

where is the conversion efficiency of prey into new predators.